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What is Steppe? Definition, Flora, Fauna, characteristics, types, and supporting components
In the vast land that stretches in different parts of the world, have you ever found a place with very low air humidity?
Perhaps the first thing that comes to mind is the deserts of the Middle East. However, did you know that similar ecosystems can also be found in Asia, even in Indonesia?
Yup, in addition to deserts, there are other ecosystems that also have low air humidity, namely steppes. Unlike the savannas, which are still covered with several types of trees, the steppes are dominated by grasses and shrubby plants without the conspicuous presence of trees. It is these conditions that make the steppes known as vast and dry grasslands.
Citing National Geographic, the steppes only receive about 250-500 millimeters of rainfall per year. This low and uneven amount of precipitation makes the vegetation in the steppes limited.
To understand more about this unique ecosystem, check out the following explanation of the definition, characteristics and types of Steppes!
Definition Of Steppe
According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), a steppe is a vast and dry flat land, which is only overgrown with shrubs. Steppes can also be defined as vast grasslands.
Meanwhile, according to Britannica, the term “steppe” comes from the Russian language, which means “flat grassy plain”. This ecosystem is widely found in temperate regions, such as the United States, Siberia, Tibet, China, and several regions in Indonesia. Generally, steppes are located far from the sea and are in the vicinity of mountains. This geographical condition causes the air humidity to tend to be low or dry.
Stepa / pixabay.com/jackmac34
In general, the average temperature of the steppes in East Asia ranges from 25°C in summer and can drop to -15°C in winter. Meanwhile, the steppes in the European region have more stable temperatures, with an average of no more than 20°C in summer and about 0°C in winter.
Steppes are also known as transitional biomes between wet climates and dry climates. Its low air humidity makes this ecosystem not dry enough to be a desert, but also not fertile enough to be covered with trees in large quantities.
Flora that lives in the Steppe biome
Low and uneven rainfall in the steppes greatly affects the type of flora that can grow in these ecosystems. Generally, steppe vegetation is dominated by various types of grasses, shrubs and shrubs no more than 50 centimeters high.
Grass that is in the steppe / pixabay.com/thelegendreturn
Some specific examples of plants that are able to survive in this windy and semi-arid environment include feather grass (Nasella tenuissima) and needle grass (Andropogon aciculatus).
In addition, some other plants commonly found in the steppes include:
Bearded Iris (Iris germanica)
Aster (Aster)
Anyelir (Dianthus caryophyllus)
Purple cone flower (Echinacea angustifolia)
Rumput biru (Festuca glauca)
Tanaman es (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.)
Lili buntut rubah (Eremurus)
Peony (Paeonia)
Kaktus (Cactaceae)
The climate and humidity of the air in the steppes play a role in determining the characteristics of the flora living in them. Most of the plants in these meadows have a solid body structure and are able to adapt to extreme climatic changes from season to season.
During the dry season, some plants may produce fewer flowers as a survival strategy. Meanwhile, there are also types of plants that are precisely able to adapt to low humidity conditions and thrive when there is less rainfall.
Fauna living in the Steppe biome
The presence of faunal species in the steppe biome is strongly influenced by the type of flora or vegetation that grows in the steppe. In other words, the flora and fauna that inhabit the steppes coexist in an ecosystem that supports each other.
Fauna existing in the steppes / pixabay.com/ahmetyuksek
Short grass vegetation in the steppes becomes an ideal habitat for various large mammals, such as:
Bison (Bison)
Ox (Bos taurus)
Domba (Ovis aries)
Kuda (Equus caballus)
Antelop (Antilope cervicapra)
Kambing (Capra aegagrus hircus)
In addition to these mammals, reported by Animalia, some other fauna commonly found in the steppes include:
Leopard (Panthera pardus)
Musang madu (Mellivora capensis)
Wild boar (Sus scrofa)
Elang buteo (Buteo buteo)
Burung hering berjanggut (Gypaetus barbatus)
Kucing liar Afrika (Felis lybica)
White stork (Ciconia ciconia)
Kura-kura Rusia (Testudo horsfieldii)
Little owl (Athene noctua)
Egyptian snake (Naja haje)
Babon chacma (Papio ursinus)
Wolf (Canis lupus)
Rubah (Vulpes vulpes)
Among the list of fauna above, there are several ferocious predators that inhabit the steppes, such as leopards, wolves and foxes. Their presence is inseparable from the presence of herbivorous mammals that are the main prey.
These relationships form a natural food chain, which ensures that the balance of the ecosystem is maintained.
Features of the Steppe
Although they are both grassland ecosystems, steppes have a fundamental difference from savannas. The main difference between them lies in the type of vegetation. The steppes are inhabited only by short plants and shrubby plants, while the savannas have a few tall trees scattered over long distances.
Stepa / pixabay.com/Nyamdorj
Here are some of the characteristics of the steppe biome that distinguish it from other ecosystems:
Irregular rainfall, ranging from 250-500 millimeters per year
Low air humidity, causing conditions that tend to be dry
The soil is arid and less fertile, so it does not support the growth of large trees
Extreme temperatures, hot during the day and cold at night
Vegetation is dominated by grasses, with few shrubs
There are no big trees, only small plants
The average vegetation height is less than 50 centimeters
Located between desert and forest, making it a transitional region
Spread on almost all continents, except Australia and Antarctica
Steppes can be found in different parts of the world, such as the United States, Siberia, Tibet and China.
One of the largest and most famous steppes in the world is the Eurasian Steppe, which stretches from Eastern Europe to Central Asia, covering the territory of Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang (China), Mongolia and Manchuria.
Types of Steppes
Based on climatic conditions, steppes can be divided into three main types, each of which has different characteristics depending on the level of precipitation, temperature and geographical location:
1.Stepa tropis
The tropical steppe is an intermediate region between a wet tropical climate and a dry tropical climate. The main characteristic of tropical steppes is the higher annual rainfall compared to steppes located in temperate or subtropical regions.
However, despite being wetter, these steppes still have less fertile soil characteristics and a predominance of vegetation in the form of grasses and shrubs.
2. temperate climate steppes
Temperate climate steppes receive up to 500 millimeters of precipitation per year. One of the main characteristics of these steppes is the extreme change in temperature between summer and winter. In summer, temperatures can rise significantly, while in winter, temperatures can drop dramatically to near freezing.
3.Stepa subtropis
Subtropical steppes generally have higher and more evenly distributed rainfall than temperate steppes. This region tends to experience more moderate temperature changes and has slightly higher air humidity than the rest of the steppes.
Steppe Support Components
As one of the large-scale ecosystems on Earth, the steppe has several supporting components that maintain the balance of its ecosystem. Here are the main components that support life in the steppes:
1. Autotrophic organisms
Autotrophic organisms are living beings that can produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis, taking advantage of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. In Steppe ecosystems, autotrophs play the role of the main producers that become a source of food for other organisms.
Examples: grasses, shrubs and various types of plants typical of the steppes.
2. Heterotrophic organisms
Heterotrophic organisms are living things that cannot make their own food and therefore must consume other organisms to survive. In Steppe ecosystems, heterotrophic organisms act as consumers, both as herbivores (plant eaters) and carnivores (predators of other animals).
Examples:
Herbivora: sapi, kuda, kambing, domba, antelop, dan bison.
Carnivores: wolves, foxes and Eagles.
3. Abiotic components
Abiotic components are non-biological environmental factors that greatly affect the life of living beings in the steppes. These factors create conditions typical of the steppes that are dry, windy and have extreme temperature changes.
Examples:
Soils -tend to be less fertile and have a low moisture content.
Sunlight -plays an important role in the process of photosynthesis of plants.
Air -tends to be dry with low humidity levels.
Water -its amount is limited due to low and uneven rainfall.
Boulders -help to form the structure of the soil in the steppes.
4. Decomposing organisms
Decomposing organisms or decomposers are living things that decompose the remains of dead organisms as well as waste products from other organisms. The presence of decomposers is essential in the recycling of nutrients, so that organic substances can return to the soil and favor the growth of vegetation in the steppes. Examples:
Insects – such as maggots and termites.
Earthworms -help loosen the soil and decompose organic matter.
Bacteria & fungi -in charge of decomposing dead organisms into nutrients for the soil.
Mosses & amp; snails -take part in decomposition processes in Steppe ecosystems.
Exploring the beauty of the steppes: a unique and amazing tourist destination
Besides being found in the United States, Siberia, Tibet, and China, steppes can also be found in Indonesia, you know!
One area that has a steppe ecosystem is East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), especially on the island of Timor. There, you can see vast expanses of grasslands and various steppe grass-eating animals cultivated by the local community.
Although not as popular as Savanna, the steppe biome still has a unique natural charm and is often used as a tourist destination. Its vast landscape with typical grass vegetation and the diversity of large mammals are its main attractions. The beauty of the steppes is no less amazing than other ecosystems.
So, are you interested in exploring the beauty of the steppes and feeling the atmosphere of a different nature?
What are lichens? Definition, types, characteristics, and functions for the environment
The world of flora has a variety of unique and interesting plants, one of which is mosses or bryophytes. This plant can be found in various places, such as rocks, walls, cliffs, and soil. Although often overlooked, lichens actually play an important role for the environment and humans.
According to Mountain Moss, Moss is able to absorb rainwater like a sponge. This ability helps prevent flooding as well as maintain soil moisture, making it a plant that plays a role in ecosystem balance.
Moss also has benefits for the medical world. For example, liverwort(Hepaticopsida) can be used as a medicine for hepatitis C because it contains antiviral compounds. Later, peat moss (Sphagnum) could be used to treat acne, hemorrhoids, and skin diseases.
For more details, let’s see the definition, characteristics, types, and functions of the following moss plants!
Understanding Moss
Bryophytes (bryophytes) are small plants that do not have transport vessels (Xylem and phloem) to drain water and nutrients. In other words, Moss absorbs water directly through the surface of its body. These plants generally live in humid environments, such as rocks, cliffs, walls, tree trunks, and soil.
Mosses are autotrophic, which means they can produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis with the help of sunlight. In contrast to flowering plants, mosses do not produce flowers or seeds. Instead, mosses reproduce using spores.
Lumut (pixabay.com/ioa8320)
Although it is more commonly found in damp places, Moss can also grow in less wet environments. This is due to the presence of a waxy cuticle layer that envelops its body, thereby reducing excessive evaporation.
One of the unique things about lichens is their different structure from vascular plants. Lichens do not have true roots, stems and leaves, but rather simple structures that perform similar functions.
Moss Plant Structure
Lichen consists of several main parts, namely:
Rhizoids: rhizoids are root-like structures that serve to attach to a substrate (such as rock or soil) and absorb water, minerals, and nutrients.
Pseudo-stem (caulidium): the caulidium is the erect part that resembles the STEM and to which the pseudo-leaves are attached.
Pseudo-leaves (filidium): filidium is a flat structure resembling leaves that grow on the caulidium and serve as a place for photosynthesis.
Spore capsule: the spore capsule is the capsule-shaped part located at the end of the sporophyte stalk. This structure contains spores that will be released when ripe for the reproduction process.
Sporophyte stalk (seta): the seta is the elongated stalk that connects the sporophyte with the gametophyte. Its function is to lift the spore capsule to make it easier to spread.
Characteristics Of Moss Plants
Lichens have unique characteristics that distinguish them from other plants. These plants belong to The Division Bryophyta in the kingdom Plantae and are known as small plants that do not have transport vessels to drain water and nutrients.
Here are the general characteristics of moss plants:
Not flowering
Has no seeds
Reproduction by spores
Lacks true roots, stems and leaves
The roots are rhizoid-shaped, which serves to attach and absorb water and minerals
Generally have a height of about 0.2-10 cm
Living in humid environments, such as rocks, soil, tree trunks, walls, and cliffs
Are autotrophs, that is, they are able to make their own food through photosynthesis with the help of sunlight
Types of lichens
Generally, lichens are classified into three types, namely liverworts (hepaticopsida), hornworts (anthocerotopsida),and mosses (bryopsida):
1. Lumut hati (hepaticopsida)
Liverwort pixabay.com/Puckel)
Liverwort is a type of Moss in the form of a flat sheet with many grooves, resembling The Shape of a heart. According to Nacademy, liverworts are considered the most primitive type of lichen.
This plant usually grows in humid environments, such as tropical rainforests, as well as on rocks or soil near water sources such as rivers and lakes.
Characteristics Of Liverwort:
Body shape sheet, flat, and lobed
Similar to heart shape
Has a lot of indentation
It has no true stem and leaves, but is talus-shaped
The roots are rhizoids
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Autotrophic
Has an umbrella-shaped reproductive apparatus
Sticks to rocks, soil, and leaves of trees
Some examples of common liverwort species include:
Hornwort got its name because it has an elongated sporophyte resembling a horn. This plant is usually found in damp and shady places, such as rocks, soil, ditches, river banks, or lake shores.
Characteristics of hornwort:
Lacks true stems, leaves and roots
The body is flattened like a leaf or ribbon-shaped (talus)
Sporophytes are elongated in shape resembling horns
The roots are rhizoids
Living in symbiosis with cyanobacteria in its cavity
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Some examples of hornwort species that are often found include:
Phaeoceros laevis
Anthoceros fusiformis
Notothylas valvata
3. Mosses (bryopsida)
The light bulb (pixabay.com/adege)
Mosses are the largest group of mosses compared to other types of mosses. This type is found in humid environments, such as forests, swamps, and plantations. Mosses can grow on a variety of surfaces, such as soil, rocks, wood, even a little in the water.
Characteristics of mosses:
The roots are rhizoids
The leaves are sheet-shaped
Have cuticles and stomata
Can grow in harsh or disturbed environments
Experiencing a period of dormancy during the long summer
Reproduce sexually and asexually
It has two forms of generation in its life cycle, the gametophyte (dominant phase) and the sporophyte (spore-producing phase)
Some examples of common lichen species include:
Funaria sp.
Polytrichum sp.
Sphagnum sp.
The function of lichens in ecosystems and Human Life
In addition to acting as small plants that decorate rocks or moist soil, mosses also have important functions in ecosystems and human life. Here are some of the main functions of lichens:
1. Maintaining The Balance Of The Ecosystem
Mosses act as pioneers in ecosystems, being the first plants to grow in environments that do not yet have vegetation, such as rocky areas or arid lands. Mosses help form the soil layer by breaking down rocks and retaining moisture, allowing other plants to grow.
2. Absorb and store water
Moss has a sponge-like ability to absorb rainwater. With this property, Moss helps reduce the risk of flooding as well as keeping the surrounding soil moist.
3. Prevent Soil Erosion
With their ability to retain water and cover the soil surface, mosses help prevent erosion caused by wind or rainwater. This is especially important in hilly areas or soil prone to landslides.
4. Provides Habitat for microorganisms
Lichens become a living space for various microorganisms, small insects and invertebrates. Some small animals make it a shelter and a source of food.
5. Role in the carbon and oxygen cycle
As autotrophic plants, mosses perform photosynthesis, which means they absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) and produce oxygen (O₂). Thus, lichens help maintain the balance of gases in the atmosphere.
6. Used in medical field
Some types of lichens contain compounds that are beneficial to human health. For example. liverwort (Hepaticopsida) contains antiviral compounds that are used as hepatitis C drugs. While peat moss (Sphagnum) has antiseptic properties that are used in the treatment of wounds, acne, and skin diseases.
7. Used in industry and daily life
Peat moss (Sphagnum) is often used as a growing medium in agriculture and horticulture because it can absorb and store water well. Some mosses also play a role in the manufacture of perfumes and natural coloring materials.
The important role of lichens in ecosystems and life
Mosses may seem like small plants that are often overlooked, but their role in ecosystems and human life is enormous. As pioneer plants, mosses help shape the soil, absorb water, prevent erosion, and provide habitat for a variety of organisms. In addition, Moss also has benefits in the medical, industrial, and agricultural fields.
The presence of mosses contributes to maintaining the balance of the ecosystem as a whole. Therefore, it is important for us to understand and preserve this plant so that its benefits can continue to be felt by future generations. By getting to know more about Moss, we can better appreciate its role in everyday life.
Featured image: pixabay.com/Natalie-Photographie87
Ferns and their benefits for the environment: characteristics, types, Habitat and reproductive system
Have you ever noticed green plants with unique, curled leaves when they were young? That’s Ferns!
In addition to beautifying the environment, these plants also have an important role in the ecosystem. Unlike flowering plants, ferns reproduce using spores and are able to grow in a variety of habitats, from damp forests to stone surfaces. Not only that, some types can even be consumed and used as traditional medicine.
Curious about the uniqueness and benefits of ferns? Let’s go deeper!
Understanding Ferns
Ferns (Pteridophyta) are a group of vascular plants that reproduce through spores.
These plants are better known as ferns or ferns and are often found in a variety of environments, from tropical rainforests to Home yards. Some common examples of ferns that are easily found around us include Clover (Marsilea), suplir (Adiantum), and pole Ferns (Cyathea contamans).
Ilustrasi tumbuhan paku (pexels.com/Erik Mclean)
According to the National Museum of the Philippines, Ferns have various benefits for humans and the environment. Here are some of the main uses of ferns:
Food sources: several types of ferns can be consumed, such as vegetable Ferns (Diplazium esculentum), garuda Ferns (Pteridium aquilinum), and Clover (Marsilea).
Traditional medicine ingredients: Ferns are often used in herbal medicine to treat various diseases. For example, extracts from some types of supplements are believed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Ornamental plants: because it has a unique and varied leaf shape, many species of ferns are used as ornamental plants, both for interior and exterior.
Maintaining ecosystem balance: Ferns play a role in preventing erosion, absorbing rainwater, and providing oxygen. In addition, this plant is also a habitat for various insects and small animals.
According to Sandy et al. (2016), Indonesia has about 1,300 species of ferns, making it one of the countries with the highest diversity of ferns in the world. Meanwhile, based on data from the Natural History Museum, there are about 13,000 species of ferns in the world, so that about 10 percent of the world’s fern species grow in Indonesia.
With various benefits and roles in the ecosystem, Ferns are one of the important plant groups to be preserved.
Characteristics Of Ferns
At first glance, Ferns look similar to seed plants because they have true roots, stems, and leaves.
However, this plant has unique characteristics that distinguish it from other plants. One of the main characteristics of ferns is their way of reproduction, which does not use seeds or flowers, but spores.
Here are some characteristics of ferns:
Has a transport vessel system: Ferns have a transport network in the form of Xylem (transporting water and minerals) and phloem (transporting the results of photosynthesis).
Undergoes a rotation of offspring (metagenesis): Ferns undergo two phases in their life cycle, the sporophyte phase (produces spores) and the gametophyte phase (produces gametes).
Have rhizomes (stems in the ground): most Ferns have stems that are underground (rhizomes), while some species have towering stems.
Young Leaf shoots curl up: the young leaves of ferns grow by rolling inward, which is one of their characteristics.
There are two types of leaves based on their function: sporophiles (leaves that produce spores) and tropophils (leaves that do not produce spores and function for photosynthesis).
The shape and size of the leaves vary: large leaves are called macrophiles, while small leaves are called microfiles.
Body sizes vary: Ferns can range in size from 2 cm to 5 meters, depending on the species.
Have fine hairs on the lower trunk: these fine hairs serve to help the absorption of water and nutrients from the surrounding environment.
Types of ferns
According to the Natural History Museum, there are about 13,000 species of ferns in the world. Some types of ferns are able to grow and survive in a variety of environments and different climatic conditions. Therefore, Ferns are grouped into several types based on certain aspects.
Tumbuhan paku (pexels.com/Grigoriy)
Here is the classification of ferns:
Types of ferns
1. Ferns by leaf size
By the size of the leaves, ferns are divided into two types:
Macrophages: large-leaved ferns, such as bird’s nest ferns (Asplenium nidus), pole Ferns(Cyathea contamans), and suplirs (Adiantum).
Mikrofil: tumbuhan paku berdaun kecil, contohnya paku rane (Selaginella), paku kawat (Lycopodiopsida), dan paku ekor kuda (Equisetum debile).
2. Ferns by spore shape and size
Ferns are also classified by the shape and size of their spores, which are:
Homospores or isospores: types of ferns that produce only one type of spore of the same size and shape. Contohnya paku kawat (Lycopodiu), paku Dryopteris filix-mas(dari famili Polypodiaceae), dan Homospora nagel.
Heterospores or anisospore: a type of ferns that can produce spores of two different sizes (large female spores and small male spores). For example,the water fern (Marsilea crenata), the nage Fern (Selaginella), and the water fern (Salvinia).
Transitional (mixed): types of ferns that produce spores that are the same size but of different types (male and female sex). For example, Horsetail (Equisetum debile).
3. Ferns based on leaf function
Judging by the function of the leaves, ferns are divided into two types:
Sporophyll: it has leaves that serve to photosynthesize and produce spores.
Tropophyl: it only has leaves that serve for photosynthesis but do not produce spores.
4. Based on the arrangement of leaves and sporangium
Based on the arrangement of their leaves and spores, Ferns are grouped into four main classes:
Ancient Ferns (Psilopsida): ancient ferns that have a simple body arrangement. Psilopsida are also known as naked spikes because of their small leaves and True Roots. Contohnya Rhynia major, Taeniocrada deeheniana, dan Psilotum triquetrum.
Horsetail (Equisetopsida): a fern plant that has a spiral or circular branching, its stem is segmented and hollow, and has rhizomes. The leaves are small (microfilaments) or in the form of transparent scales arranged in a circle. There is a strobilus at the end of the stem, it is a kind of transitional spike. Contohnya Equisetum debile.
Wire spikes (Lycopsida): ferns that have stems with wire-like shapes, small leaves (microfilms) like hairs or scales, and have a collection of sporophiles in the form of strobilus at the end of branching. Take Lycopodium cernuum for example.
True Ferns (Pteropsida): Ferns are very easy to find in the surrounding environment. These Ferns have very varied sizes and shapes, the leaves are large and in the form of sheets. Examples are the suplir (adiantum) and the water Nail (Marsilea crenata).
Habitat Of Ferns
Ferns pixabay.com/schauhi)
Ferns generally grow in shady and humid environments, such as tropical rainforests, rock crevices, and around water sources. This plant can be found attached to tree trunks, soil surfaces, rocks, and even in water.
According to the Aakash Institute, some types of ferns are able to adapt to more extreme environments, such as sandy soils. An example is the Horsetail (Equisetum debile), which can survive in soils with low moisture content.
More specifically, the habitats of ferns include:
Moist and shady forests: the main growing place for most species of ferns.
Rock crevices: some types of spikes can live by sticking to fairly damp rocks.
Tree trunk (epiphytic): a type of epiphytic spike grows by attaching to a tree trunk without taking nutrients from its host.
Aquatic: some species, such as the water fern (Marsilea crenata), grow in aquatic environments such as swamps or river banks.
Sandy soil: certain types, such as horsetail, are able to adapt to drier soil conditions.
Reproductive System Of Ferns
Ferns have two ways of reproducing, namely vegetative reproduction (asexual) and generative reproduction (sexual). In addition, ferns also undergo metagenesis, which is the cycle of rotation of offspring between the sporophyte and gametophyte phases:
1. Vegetative (asexual)reproduction
Vegetative reproduction in ferns occurs in the absence of fusion of sex cells. The main way of vegetative reproduction in Ferns is through stolons or rhizomes (internodal underground stems).
These stolons will produce gemma (buds) which then develop into new plants.
2. generative (sexual)reproduction
Generative reproduction occurs through the fusion of male and female sex cells. The mechanism is as follows:
Ferns produce anteridium (male reproductive organ) that produces spermatozoids and archegonium (female reproductive organ) that produces OVA.
Spermatozoids move towards the ovum using water as a medium.
After fertilization, a zygote is formed, which then develops into a sporophyte (new Fern).
Ferns pixabay.com/albina01)
3. Metagenesis (rotation of offspring in Ferns)
In addition to reproducing vegetatively and generatively, ferns also undergo metagenesis, which is the rotation of offspring between two phases:
Gametophyte phase: spores that fall in the appropriate place will develop into protalium (gamete-producing generation). This Protalium will form the anteridium (producing spermatozoids) and the archegonium (producing OVA).
Sporophyte phase: after fertilization occurs between the spermatozoid and the ovum, a zygote is formed that grows into an adult Fern. This sporophyte will produce new spores, which then spread and start the cycle again.
According to Gramedia Blog, the principle of metagenesis in various types of ferns – both Homosporous Ferns, Heterosporous ferns, and transitional Ferns—has the same pattern.
Knot
Ferns (Pteridophyta) are a group of vascular plants that reproduce using spores. With a unique structure, these plants have true roots, stems, and leaves and undergo rotation of offspring (metagenesis). The variety of species of ferns allows them to grow in a variety of habitats, from moist forests, tree trunks, to sandy soils. In addition, Ferns have various benefits, both as ornamental plants, foodstuffs, traditional medicines, and ecological roles in maintaining ecosystem balance.
With its adaptability and various benefits, Ferns are one of the important plant groups for the environment and human life.
Therefore, the existence of ferns needs to be preserved so that the ecosystem remains balanced and the benefits can continue to be enjoyed by future generations.
Sandy, Pantiwati, Hudha, Latifa. (2016). Species diversity of Tumbuha Paku (Pteridophyta) in the area of Lawean Sendang waterfall, Malang regency. In: Proceedings of the National Seminar II Year 2016. Malang, 26 March 2016. Malang: cooperation of Biology Education Study Program FKIP with the Center for environmental and Population Studies (PSLK) University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Seed plants and their classification: definition, characteristics, benefits and reproductive system
Have you ever imagined having your own garden?
Perhaps what comes to mind is a beautiful flower garden, a lush vegetable garden, or an orchard full of crops. No wonder, because the three types of plants have a myriad of benefits, both for personal consumption and high economic value if sold.
In the world of agribusiness, one type of plant that is of high economic value is seed plants (Spermatophytes). Because seed plants can be used as food, medicine, clothing, ornamental plants, and industrial raw materials.
Interestingly, seed plants are not only limited to fruits that produce seeds, but also include ornamental plants, food-producing plants, and fiber-producing plants for the clothing industry.
Want to know more about seed plants? Come on, check out the definition, characteristics, classification, benefits, and reproductive system below!
Seed Plants (Spermatophytes)
Seed plants or Spermatophytes are a group of plants that have organs in the form of seeds as a means of reproduction. The term Spermatophyta comes from the Greek, namely sperm which means ‘seed’ and phyton which means ‘plant.’
Seeds act as the main structure in the reproduction of seed plants. This seed is formed from the development of the embryo that is inside the ovule after the fertilization process takes place.
Tumbuhan berbiji (pixabay.com/Sinousxl)
Seed plants have a very wide diversity and are not limited to fruit-bearing plants alone. Citing data from Harvard University BioNumbers, there are about 352,000 species of seed plants in the world, with the majority coming from the group of angiosperms or flowering plants.
In Indonesia, seed plants play an important role in various sectors, ranging from food, clothing, medicine, decoration, to industry. Based on a report from the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), there are about 40,000 species of seed plants that grow in Indonesia.
Interestingly, this figure covers about 9 percent of the total species of seed plants in the world, making Indonesia one of the countries with the highest biodiversity. Some examples of typical Indonesian seed plants include:
Resin (Agathis dammara): used in the resin and varnish industry.
Hajj Fern (Cycas rumphii): an ornamental plant that also has a high conservation value.
Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon): often used as food in the form of chips and vegetables.
Ciri-ciri Tumbuhan Berbiji (Spermatophyta)
Seed plants (Spermatophytes) have a more complex structure compared to other plant groups such as mosses (bryophytes) and ferns (Pteridophytes). Its body part consists of clearly distinguishable roots, stems and leaves.
However, because seed plants are of various types, many people are still often mistaken in distinguishing them from other plant groups. To understand more deeply, here are the general characteristics of seed plants:
Have seeds as the main means of reproduction.
Has a complex network of vessels (Xylem and phloem).
Contains chlorophyll, so it is capable of photosynthesis.
The generation of sporophytes is more complex compared to mosses and ferns.
Reproduce sexually (generative) and asexually (vegetative).
Most live on land, although some can live in aquatic environments.
Sexual breeding tools in the form of flowers or strobilus (conifers).
From the above characteristics, it follows that seeds are the main characteristic that distinguishes seed plants from mosses and ferns. In addition, another advantage of this plant is that it has a more complex network of vessels, which are the xylem and phloem.
The xylem serves to transport water and minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves.
Phloem serves to channel the results of photosynthesis from leaves to all parts of plants, including stems and roots.
The presence of this network of vessels allows seed plants to grow larger and stronger than plants that do not have a network of vessels, such as mosses.
Classification Of Ferns
Seed plants (Spermatophytes) are divided into two large groups, namely gymnosperms (open seed plants) and angiosperms (closed seed plants).
1.Gymnosperms (Open-seeded plants)
Plants with open seeds (pixabay.com/zdenet)
Gymnosperms are a group of seed plants whose ovules are not protected by fruit leaves or pericarp. Therefore, it is referred to as an open-seeded Plant. The word gymnosperm itself comes from the Greek, namely gymnos which means ‘naked’ or ‘open.’
Characteristics of gymnosperms:
The seeds are open, not encased by the fruit.
The trunk is Woody and has a Cambium, so it is generally a large tree.
It does not have true flowers, but it has a means of reproduction in the form of strobilus (conifers).
The leaves are needle-shaped or scaly.
It generally has a large taproot and grows straight down.
It has a transport network in the form of Xylem (Water and mineral transporters) and phloem (photosynthetic transporters).
Tumbuhan berbiji tertutup (pixabay.com/johnNaturePhotos)
Angiosperms are a group of seed plants that have flowers as a means of generative reproduction. In contrast to gymnosperms, the ovules in angiosperms are protected by the ovules, which later develop into true fruits.
Characteristics of angiosperms:
It has ovules protected by ovules.
Consists of various forms of plants, ranging from large trees, vines, shrubs, to non-woody plants.
The root system can be either a fibrous root or a taproot.
It has flowers that serve as a means of generative reproduction.
The leaves are relatively wider and flattened, with a variety of diverse shapes.
The STEM can be branched or unbranched.
It can grow in a variety of habitats, from the polar regions to the tropics.
Seeds are divided into two main groups based on the number of pieces of seeds:
Monokotil (tumbuhan berkeping satu): contohnya, jagung (Zea mays), bawang merah (Allium cepa), keladi (Caladium), padi (Oryza sativa).
Dikotil (tumbuhan berkeping dua): contohnya, cabai merah (Capsicum annuum), kentang (Solanum tuberosum), bunga dahlia (Dahlia sp.), cassava (Manihot utilissima).
The Benefits Of Seed Plants
Seed plants (Spermatophytes) have a high economic value and provide various benefits to humans. This type of plant is used in many sectors, such as food, medicine, decoration, clothing, industrial materials, to environmental preservation.
1. Food ingredients
Seed plants are the main source of food for humans, both as staple foods, vegetables, and fruits. Some crops such as rice, corn, wheat, and sago are staple foods for most of the world’s population.
In addition, various vegetables such as tomatoes, cabbage, potatoes, carrots, kale and spinach are rich in vitamins, proteins and fiber that are beneficial to health. Some grains such as jackfruit seeds, basil seeds, and pine seeds can also be consumed or processed into food.
Meanwhile, fruits such as mango, apple, guava, passion fruit, watermelon, Sapodilla and Cherry are not only delicious but also rich in antioxidants and nutrients that are good for the body.
2. Medicines
Many seed plants contain active compounds that are useful in medicine. One of them is cloves, which are known to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and have antibacterial properties.
Coriander is often used to help launch the digestive system and maintain heart health. In addition, ginkgo has long been used in traditional medicine to improve the cognitive function of the brain and relieve migraines and other headaches.
3. Decoration and houseplants
In addition to being useful as food and medicine, seed plants are also often used as decorations and ornamental plants to beautify rooms, parks, and landscapes.
Several types of plants such as Hajj Ferns, cypresses, and cacti are often used to decorate homes and gardens because of their unique and aesthetic shapes. In addition, flowers such as roses, hibiscus, daisies, and sunflowers are also very popular as ornamental plants because of the beauty of their attractive colors and shapes.
4. Clothing
The textile industry also relies heavily on seed plants as raw materials for the manufacture of fabrics and clothing. Cotton is the main material in the manufacture of cotton fabrics used in the clothing industry around the world. In addition, the fibers from the hemp plant are also widely used in the production of high-quality fabrics that are strong and durable.
5. Industrial raw materials
Seed plants are also utilized in a variety of industries, from the cosmetics industry to papermaking. Wood from various types of seed trees, such as pine and Acacia, is often used as a raw material for papermaking.
In addition, plant oils and fats such as palm and Olive are widely used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. The sap produced by some types of trees such as rubber is used as a raw material in the rubber industry that produces various products such as tires, gloves, and medical equipment.
6. Building materials
Wood from seed plants also plays an important role in the construction industry and furniture making. Teak wood is known as a very strong and durable material, so it is often used for the manufacture of furniture and buildings. In addition, mahogany wood is also often used in the manufacture of wooden floors, cabinets, and various high-quality furniture products.
7. Environmental Conservation
In addition to providing economic benefits, seed plants also play an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance and environmental sustainability. Plant roots help prevent soil erosion and reduce the risk of flooding and landslides.
In addition, seed plants also function as carbon dioxide absorbers (CO₂) and produce oxygen (O₂) through the photosynthesis process, thus contributing to reducing global warming. The presence of seed plants also helps maintain biodiversity by providing habitat for various species of animals and microorganisms.
Reproductive System Of Seed Plants
Seed plants can reproduce in two ways, namely generatively (sexually) and vegetatively (asexually). Both of these methods allow seed plants to multiply and maintain their viability in a variety of environments.
Tumbuhan berbiji (pixabay.com/ Ray_Shrewsberry)
1. Generative reproduction
Generative reproduction in seed plants occurs through the flower, which serves as the main reproductive organ. This process begins with the formation of male cells (pollen grains) and female cells (stigma).
The process of generative breeding involves two main stages:
Pollination (pollination): the pollen from the stamens falls on the stigma, which can happen through the help of wind, water, insects or other animals.
Fertilization (fertilization): after pollination occurs, the pollen moves towards the ovule through the pollen tube. The sperm cells from the pollen then fertilize the egg in the ovule, so that an embryo or ovule is formed.
Plants that reproduce generatively produce seeds that can later grow into new plants. Examples of seed plants that reproduce generatively include rice, corn, guava, cucumber, bark, mango, tomato, and papaya.
2. Vegetative reproduction
Vegetative reproduction occurs without going through the process of pollination and fertilization. This reproduction is carried out by vegetative organs such as shoots, rhizomes (rhizome roots), or stolons (creeping stems).
Some examples of natural vegetative reproduction mechanisms in seed plants include:
Shoots: for example in bananas and bamboo, which produce shoots from the stem or root.
Rhizoma (rhizome root): for example in ginger and galangal, which develop through rhizome roots in the soil.
Stolons: for example, in strawberries and puzzle grass, which reproduce through creeping stems at ground level.
Plants that reproduce vegetatively can grow faster than plants that reproduce generatively because they do not require the process of pollination and fertilization. Examples of seed plants that reproduce vegetatively include bananas, bamboo, breadfruit, potatoes, and duck cocor.
Cover
Seed plants play an important role in human life and ecosystems. With a wide variety of species and benefits, this plant is not only a source of food, medicine, clothing, and industry, but also contributes to maintaining environmental balance.
In addition, the reproductive system of seed plants, which includes both generative and vegetative reproduction, allows them to constantly develop and adapt to various natural conditions. Understanding the characteristics and benefits of seed plants can help us manage natural resources more wisely, so that their existence is maintained for future generations.
Featured image: Tumbuhan berbiji (pixabay.com/sarangib)
Peatland and its function for the environment, these types and characteristics that must be known
Have you ever stepped on the ground that feels soft, wet, even slightly swaying? If so, chances are you’re in the thick of it!
This land is not just an ordinary wetland, but an ecosystem rich in organic matter and has a crucial role in maintaining environmental balance.
From storing huge amounts of carbon to being home to rare species, peatlands hold many interesting facts that are rarely known. However, behind its tremendous benefits, this ecosystem also faces serious threats due to human activities.
Let’s take a closer look at what peatlands are, how they are formed, and why their preservation is so important to our lives!
Understanding Peatland
According to Wetlands International, peatland is a type of wetland that has a watery soil layer and is composed of dead plant material that undergoes a slow decay process.
Meanwhile, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) defines peatland as land formed from litter, wet plant residues, or rotting puddles and undergoes a very slow decomposition process.
Peatlands are formed through the accumulation of organic matter derived from decaying plant remains over thousands of years. This process occurs in waterlogged environments, such as swamps, river basins and coastal areas.
Menurut buku Creating and Restoring Wetlands (Second Edition) karya Christopher Craft (2022), lahan gambut dapat terbentuk dari berbagai jenis vegetasi, termasuk lumut gambut (Sphagnum), tumbuhan herba, serta vegetasi berkayu.
Because it is formed in an oxygen-poor environment (anaerobic), the organic matter in peat does not decompose completely. The decomposition process, which proceeds very slowly, leads to the accumulation of a large amount of organic matter, thereby forming a thick layer of peat.
Types of peatlands
Peatlands are classified into several types based on location, formation environment, maturity, fertility, and depth.
Types of peat by location
1. Coastal peat
Coastal peat forms around coastal areas and is affected by sea tides. This type of peat gets additional minerals from sea water, so it has unique characteristics compared to other types of peat. The dominant vegetation in this area is mangrove forest.
2. Inland peat
Inland peat is formed far from the coastline and is affected only by rainwater. Unlike coastal peat, this type does not receive mineral enrichment from the sea. Vegetation growing on inland peatlands is dominated by broadleaf Woodlands.
3. Transitional turf
As the name implies, transitional peat is formed between the coastal and inland areas. This type has characteristics that are a combination of coastal peat and inland peat, both in terms of soil composition and vegetation growing on it.
Lahan Gambut (Pexels.com/Lauri Poldre)
Typesof peat based on their formation environment
1. Topogen peat
Topogenous peat is formed in areas of basins or lakes that are directly above mineral soils. The process of its formation is influenced by river water runoff and sea tides.
2. Ombrogen peat
In contrast to topogenous peat, ombrogen peat is formed mainly due to precipitation without significant influence from river or sea water. This type of peat is commonly found in regions not far from the coast.
& nbsp;types of peat based on the level of maturity
1. Saprik peat
Sapric peat is the most mature type of peat. The organic matter in it has undergone complete weathering so that its origin is difficult to identify. The color of this peat varies from dark brown, gray, to black. In texture, sapric peat is smoother than other types of peat.
2. Fibrous peat
Fibric peat is peat that is still young and has not undergone complete weathering. The original material can still be easily identified. The structure of fibrous peat is dominated by coarse fibers with a brown tint.
3. Hemic peat
Hemic peat is a type of semi-mature peat, where some of the organic material has been weathered but there are still parts that can be recognized. The texture is somewhere between Fine sapric peat and coarse fibrous peat. The color of hemic peat is generally Brown.
JEnis peat by level of fertility
1. Eutrophic
This type of peat has a high fertility rate because it is rich in minerals, bases and nutrients. Eutrophic peat is often found in areas that receive mineral supplies from river water or sea tides.
2. Mesotrophic
Mesotrophic Peat has a moderate fertility rate, with a mineral and alkaline content that is not very high but still sufficient to support vegetation growth.
3. Oligotrophic
Oligotrophic peat is the least fertile type of peat because it is poor in minerals and nutrients. This type is generally found in areas that only get water supply from rainfall, without additional minerals from other sources.
JEnis peat by depth
1. Shallow peat
Peatland that has a thickness of between 50-100 cm. This type can generally still be used for agriculture with certain management techniques.
2. Medium peat
Peatland with a thickness of between 100-200 cm. This type of peat begins to contain thicker organic matter and requires special treatment if it is to be used for agricultural or plantation activities.
3. Deep peat
Peatland that has a thickness of between 200-300 cm. This type stores more carbon and tends to be more susceptible to degradation if dried or used unsustainably.
4. Very deep peat
Peatland with a thickness of more than 300 cm. This type has a very high organic matter content and plays an important role in global carbon storage. Very deep peat should still be preserved to maintain ecosystem balance.
Characteristics Of Peatlands
Peatlands have unique characteristics from other lands. The characteristics of peatlands are as follows.
Lahan Gambut (Pexels.com/Valeria Klys)
Thick, soft soil: peatlands are characterized by a thick, soft, dark brown to black layer of soil.
Acidic: the peatland environment has a high level of acidity due to the accumulation of organic matter that decomposes slowly in anaerobic conditions (lack of oxygen).
Inhabited by many peat moss (Sphagnum): peatlands are the main habitat for Sphagnum, a type of moss with a high absorption capacity that plays a role in maintaining soil moisture.
Diversity of flora and fauna: peatlands support biodiversity with many species of plants and animals that are able to adapt to wet environments.
Limited drainage: peatlands have a poor drainage system, so the soil remains water-saturated for a long time, especially during the rainy season or growing crops.
Thick layer of organic matter: peat soils are made up of accumulated organic matter, mainly plant remains that decompose over thousands of years.
Waterlogged soils: because they form in areas with high groundwater levels, peatlands are often in a waterlogged condition.
Diverse vegetation: peatlands support a variety of vegetation types, including peat-forming vegetation, herbaceous plants, and woody vegetation such as trees typical of swamp forests.
Peatland Functions
Peatlands have an important role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems and human life. Here are some of the main functions of peatlands:
1. Carbon storage and climate change control
Peatlands serve as the world’s largest absorber and store of carbon. A thick layer of peat contains organic matter that has not yet been completely decomposed, so it is capable of storing large amounts of carbon. If peatlands are damaged or burned, the stored carbon will be released into the atmosphere in the form of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (chī), which can accelerate climate change.
2. Maintaining hydrological balance
Peatlands act as natural sponges that absorb and store large amounts of water. Its ability to regulate water helps reduce the risk of flooding during the rainy season and maintain the availability of water during the dry season.
3. Habitat for biodiversity
Peatlands are home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, including rare and endemic species such as orangutans, Sumatran tigers, and hornbills. In addition, peat ecosystems also support the growth of various types of typical plants, such as ramin (Gonystylus bancanus) and jelutung (Dyera costulata).
4. Supporting community livelihoods
For people living around peatlands, this ecosystem is a source of livelihood, both through non-timber forest products (such as rattan and forest honey) and environmentally friendly fishing and farming activities.
5. Natural water filter
Peatlands have the ability to filter water naturally by retaining pollutant particles and maintaining groundwater quality. This helps to keep water sources clean for ecosystems and humans.
6. Prevent seawater intrusion
In coastal areas, peatlands serve as natural fortifications that help prevent seawater from entering the mainland. This is important to maintain the balance of freshwater ecosystems and prevent agricultural land degradation due to salinization.
Cover
Peatlands have a very important role in maintaining ecosystem balance, storing carbon, regulating the water cycle, and being a habitat for various flora and fauna. In addition, peatlands also support the lives of surrounding communities by providing natural resources of economic value.
However, threats to peatlands, such as land conversion, fires, and unsustainable draining, can lead to serious environmental impacts, including increased greenhouse gas emissions and loss of biodiversity. Therefore, the preservation and wise management of peatlands is needed so that the benefits can continue to be felt by future generations.
By understanding the function and importance of peatlands, it is expected that awareness of efforts to preserve this ecosystem will increase, both at the individual, community, and government levels.
Featured image: Lahan Gambut (Pixabay.com/Lipponen)
HPSN 2025: Yiari invites children in Ketapang to clean up trash
Waste is a serious problem that is not only a national responsibility, but also a global challenge that is still being resolved.
Based on Circular Letter (SE) Number 1 of 2025 concerning the commemoration of National Waste Care Day (HPSN) 2025, data from the Global Waste Management Outlook 2024 notes that around 38 percent of waste in the world is still not managed properly. This condition contributes greatly to three major environmental crises known as the Triple Planetary Crisis, namely climate change, biodiversity loss, and environmental pollution.
At the national level, Indonesia recorded a waste dump of 56.63 million tons in 2023. Of this total, only 39.01 percent or about 22.09 million tons were successfully managed. The rest, which is 60.99 percent or about 34.54 million tons, has not received adequate handling.
As part of the commemoration of HPSN 2025, Yayasan Initiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI) initiated environmental clean-up activities with children in Ketapang regency, West Kalimantan. This action aims to instill environmental awareness from an early age, and invite people to be more concerned about waste management around them.
Curious as to what activities are carried out? Come on, check out the excitement of yiari’s action with the children in Ketapang below!
Clean trash action carried out at seven locations
In commemoration of National Waste Care Day (HPSN) 2025, Yayasan Initiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI) together with children in Ketapang regency, West Kalimantan, held a clean-up action at seven different locations. This activity lasted for two days, namely on February 21 and 22, 2025.
Right on February 21, coinciding with the commemoration of HPSN, the activity began with a garbage clean action with students of SDN 20 Pangkalan Jihing, which is also part of the Gunung Tarak work site.
Yiari and students at SDN 20 Pangkalan Jihing. (Education team | YIARI)
Still on the same day, YIARI held a waste recycling activity at the Sir Michael Uren Learning Center (LC SMU). In this activity, YIARI collaborated with Genta (nature lovers movement) from SMKN 1 Ketapang, creating an educational moment about Creative Waste Management and utilization.
In addition, YIARI also held an environmental clean action with children in Nusa Poring Village, which is part of the Melawi site project.
On February 22, the clean-up action continued in three elementary schools and one village, namely SDN 33 Cali, SDN 14 Pulau Cempedak, SDN 07 Hulu Sungai, and Batu Lapis Village.
Community welcomes Yiari-initiated clean-up action
Clean up trash in Nusa Poring Village. (Education team | YIARI)
The clean-up action initiated by Yayasan Initiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI) in Nusa Poring Village received a positive response from the local community. This activity is part of a series of commemoration of National Waste Care Day (HPSN) 2025.
According to Dieka Pertiwi, education and awareness manager of YIARI, garbage cleaning activities are actually not new for children and residents in Ketapang Regency. Similar actions have become routine activities carried out in various villages.
‘Actually, this clean-up action is not a new activity. Activities like this have been routinely done. So, HPSN is only ceremonial, because outside of festive moments like this, clean-up activities have become a regular agenda in the villages,” explained Dieka.
Furthermore, Dieka explained that in the framework of HPSN 2025, YIARI held a garbage clean action with a more ceremonial approach and involved a number of schools in the Ketapang area.
‘The response from the community is very positive, especially from children who are used to participating in this activity regularly every month,” he added.
Children in Ketapang used to play while cleaning garbage
One of the interesting facts about clean-up activities in Ketapang Regency is the habit of children who make environmental care actions as part of their daily play activities. In some areas, such as in Mentatai, children often swim or dive in the river while picking up garbage they find on the surface and bottom of the river.
A child picks up garbage in Batu Lapis Village, Hulu Sungai District. (Education team | YIARI)
“They, if they see garbage at the bottom of the river, immediately taken. It has become a habit” ‘ said Dieka.
He added that this awareness is the result of various educational activities and environmental care actions carried out consistently in the Ketapang area.
“The activities that have been routinely carried out make children more aware. In fact, they take their own initiative to collect garbage, including those at the bottom of the river,” he explained.
Plastic Waste Remains The Biggest Challenge
Of the various types of waste that pollute the environment, plastic waste is the biggest challenge faced today. This is due to the high level of use of plastic in everyday life, including among children. In Ketapang Regency, for example, children still have the habit of buying snacks that are generally packaged in disposable plastic.
Nevertheless, children’s awareness of the importance of maintaining environmental cleanliness is quite good. Although they still consume plastic packaged products, they have become accustomed to throwing garbage in place, not carelessly.
As part of its ongoing efforts, YIARI continues to educate children and communities in Ketapang, especially regarding the dangers and management of plastic waste. One of the positive habits that began to be built is to bring your own container or place to drink when buying snacks, in order to reduce dependence on disposable plastic packaging.
The garbage problem will never really end. However, as individuals, we can contribute through consistent small steps, such as sorting garbage, bringing our own containers, or regularly participating in environmental clean-up activities. Not having to wait for a certain moment such as the National Waste Care Day (HPSN), the action of maintaining cleanliness can be done every week, even every day, in the environment where we live.
As the children in Ketapang have shown-playing while picking up trash-this simple action has a big impact if done collectively. It’s time we make caring about waste a part of our lifestyle. Yuk, from now on get used to picking up trash and throwing it where it should be!
Featured image: students of SDN O7 Hulu Sungai clean up trash. (Education team | YIARI)
YIARI Collaboration: Prevent Zoonosis with One Health Approach
In an effort to prevent the spread of zoonoses, the Indonesian rehabilitation initiation Foundation (YIARI) helda refresher trainingthemed zoonosis and one Health approach in Ketapang, West Kalimantan, on Tuesday, February 25, 2025.
The event took place over a full day at the Sir Michael Uren Learning Centre and was followed offline and online via the Zoom Meeting platform, enabling participation from various regions.
Kegiatan Refreshment Training Zoonosis dan One Health di Ketapang (Tim Media | YIARI)
This training involved various stakeholders in Ketapang, including the Ketapang district Health Office, Puskesmas, Puskeswan, Dr. Agoesdjam, Regional Health Laboratory, and Department of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and plantation.
What kind of activities? Come on, listen!
What is Zoonosis
Zoonoses are diseases or infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans, either directly or through intermediaries (vectors) such as mosquitoes or ticks. Some examples of zoonotic diseases include bird flu, rabies, Anthrax, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), malaria, monkey pox, and Nipah virus.
Stakeholders in Ketapang also attended this event(media team | YIARI)
According to data from the Plantation and Animal Husbandry Office of West Kalimantan province, about 75 percent of new diseases in humans in the past two decades have come from the transmission of animal pathogens. Of the 1,415 types of pathogenic microorganisms that affect humans, 61.6 percent of them are known to come from animals.
In Indonesia itself, several zoonotic diseases have been identified and become a major concern, such as rabies, Anthrax, avian influenza, and helminthiasis.
The high biodiversity in Indonesia, coupled with the rapid growth of the human population, magnifies the potential for interactions between humans and animals that can trigger the spread of this disease.
Cegah Zoonosis dengan One Health
In a refresher training held on Tuesday, February 25, 2025, the Indonesian rehabilitation initiation Foundation (YIARI) invited various stakeholders in Ketapang, West Kalimantan, to jointly prevent the spread of zoonoses through the one Health approach.
The concept of One Health or One Health is a cross-sector integration that combines aspects of human, animal and environmental health holistically.
Peserta kegiatan Refreshment Training Zoonosis dan One Health (Tim Media | YIARI)
The participants targeted by this training include field health workers, health care providers, educators, to policy makers. The One Health approach is now considered the most effective strategy in dealing with the complex challenges of zoonotic diseases, which cannot be solved by one sector alone.
Through this collaborative approach, different sectors are encouraged to work together, share knowledge and make optimal use of resources.
Synergies between sectors are expected to strengthen the capacity of early detection, rapid response, and Prevention of zoonoses in a comprehensive and sustainable manner.
Increase understanding and commitment
Through the training, YIARI hopes that the participants can understand more deeply the concept of One Health and recognize the types of zoonoses that are common in domestic animals, livestock, and Wildlife.
This training is also a forum for stakeholders to get to know each other, build networks, and strengthen commitments in preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases in their respective work areas.
Especially for field officers, this training is designed so that they are able to carry out early identification, recording, and reporting of zoonotic incidents appropriately.
With these skills, they are expected to be at the forefront of zoonosis prevention and control efforts at the community level.
Communication and coordination as the key to success
The success of the One Health approach relies heavily on effective communication and solid coordination between sectors. Therefore, the training also emphasizes the importance of building harmonious and collaborative working relationships between the institutions and institutions involved.
In addition to strengthening technical capacity, YIARI also provided participants with an in-depth understanding of the impact of zoonoses on biodiversity and public health. Information based on field data was also submitted, including community activities in high-risk areas in Ketapang, which are considered vulnerable to the spread of zoonoses.
Stakeholders Respond Well To Training
Kebersamaan YIARI dan peserta Refreshment Training Zoonosis – One Health (Tim Media | YIARI)
The refreshment training held by YIARI related to zoonosis and the one Health approach received a positive response from the stakeholders present. Throughout the activity, participants actively discussed and exchanged insights with the speakers interactively, discussing challenges and solutions in the prevention and treatment of zoonoses in the field.
To support the comfort of participants, the committee provides two coffee break sessions and one lunch. In addition, YIARI also facilitates shuttle services using buses or vehicles from the Health Office to the location of the activity, namely the Sir Michael Uren Learning Center.
This activity is a concrete proof of YIARI’s commitment to zoonosis issues that are increasingly relevant in Indonesia. Given the close relationship between Zoonoses and pets, livestock and Wildlife, The One Health approach is considered a strategic solution because it involves collaboration across sectors—from health, environment and agriculture.
This commitment is also in line with the steps of the government which has issued the regulation of the Coordinating Minister for Human Development and culture of the Republic of Indonesia number 7 of 2022 concerning new guidelines for the Prevention and control of zoonoses and Infectious Diseases.
This regulation was issued in response to the increasing incidence of zoonotic diseases and new infectious diseases that have the potential to have a major impact, both socially, economically, security, and public welfare.
With the increasing awareness and synergy of various parties, there is no reason to be passive in the midst of a growing zoonotic threat. A collaborative and sustainable approach is key to taking care of human, animal and environmental health in an integrated way.
Liquid organic fertilizer: definition, properties, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and how to make it
In agriculture, fertilizer plays an important role as the main support for plant growth and development. Without an adequate supply of nutrients from fertilizers, plants become vulnerable to pest and disease attacks.
This condition certainly has a direct impact on the quality of crops, both in terms of quantity and quality of fruit or vegetables produced.
In general, there are two types of fertilizers commonly used to fertilize plants, namely chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers.
Among the two, organic fertilizers are increasingly recommended because they are more environmentally friendly and do not pollute the soil or water sources. One form of organic fertilizer that began to be widely used is liquid organic fertilizer (POC).
What is liquid organic fertilizer? Let’s see a more detailed explanation of the following liquid organic fertilizer!
Understanding Liquid Organic Fertilizer
Liquid organic fertilizer (POC) is a liquid fertilizer made from natural ingredients through the process of fermentation or decay. Based on information from the scientific journal of Service and innovation, POC raw materials include organic waste such as plant residues, animal waste, and human waste containing various important nutrients.
POC contains two types of nutrients, namely:
Unsur hara makro, seperti karbon (C), fosfor (P), oksigen (O), hidrogen (H), kalium (K), kalsium (Ca), dan magnesium (Mg).
Unsur hara mikro, yang mencakup zat besi (Fe), mangan (Mn), seng (Zn), tembaga (Cu), boron (B), molibdenum (Mo), dan klor (Cl).
In addition, POC also contains bioactive substances such as vitamins and enzymes produced by the activity of microorganisms during fermentation. These compounds support plant metabolism and increase resistance to environmental stress.
POC is more effectively applied directly to the leaves, stems, and flowers of plants. This is because plant tissues, in particular stomata (pores on the surface of leaves and stems), are able to absorb nutrients in liquid form quickly and efficiently.
POC is very beneficial especially in the initial growth phase of the plant and during the transition from the vegetative to the generative phase, in which the plant begins to flower or bear fruit. In addition to being a source of nutrients, POC also acts as a natural growth stimulant that helps accelerate the development of buds and flowers.
Properties and characteristics of liquid organic fertilizers
Illustration of application of liquid organic fertilizer on plants. (freepik.com/prostooleh)
Liquid organic fertilizer (POC) has a number of properties that resemble solid organic fertilizers, despite their different physical forms. POC is liquid because it has gone through the process of fermentation or decomposition of organic matter naturally. The main characteristics of liquid organic fertilizers are:
1. Liquid intangible
As the name suggests, liquid organic fertilizer has a physical form in the form of a liquid. This form facilitates the process of absorption of nutrients by plants through leaves and roots.
Liquid organic fertilizer (POC) has a number of properties that resemble solid organic fertilizers, despite their different physical forms. POC is liquid because it has gone through the process of fermentation or decomposition of organic matter naturally. The main characteristics of liquid organic fertilizers are:
As the name suggests, liquid organic fertilizer has a physical form in the form of a liquid. This form facilitates the process of absorption of nutrients by plants through leaves and roots.
2. Contains complete nutrients
POC contains various important nutrients needed by plants, both macro nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), as well as micro nutrients such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn).
This complete nutrient content helps support optimal plant growth at all phases of life.
3. Easy to apply
One of the main advantages of POC is its ease of application. This fertilizer can be sprayed directly onto plant parts such as leaves, stems, and flowers, or sprayed onto growing media such as soil or compost.
4. Quickly absorbed by plants
Thanks to the liquid form, POC is absorbed by plants faster than solid fertilizers. Nutrients can enter directly through the stomata on the leaves or through the roots, so that their effect on plant growth is felt faster.
5. Economical and environmentally friendly
POC can be made from various household and agricultural organic waste, such as vegetable scraps, fruit peels, animal waste, to kitchen waste. This makes POC a cost-effective fertilizer option while supporting sustainable organic waste management.
6. Increase soil fertility
Because it comes from natural organic ingredients, liquid organic fertilizers are able to improve soil structure, increase organic matter content, and strengthen water binding in the soil.
This makes the soil looser and more fertile, thus supporting optimal plant root growth.
7. No pungent odor
A well-fermented POC does not emit a fetid odor. On the contrary, this fertilizer has a characteristic and unobtrusive aroma of fermentation, so it is more convenient to use it, especially in domestic or urban environments.
8. Suppressing plant diseases
In addition to serving as a source of nutrients, POC also contains live microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. These microbes play a role in breaking down organic matter in the soil and suppressing the growth of pathogens that cause plant diseases naturally.
9. Has a neutral or slightly acidic pH and a characteristic color
Quality POCs generally have a neutral to slightly acidic pH (around pH 6-7), which is ideal for most types of plants. In terms of appearance, this fertilizer is Brown to blackish brown, indicating an optimal fermentation process and nutrient-rich raw materials.
10. Improving crop quality
The regular use of POC has been proven to improve the quality of agricultural products. Plants produce fresher fruits and vegetables, more natural flavors, and better shelf life because they are obtained from balanced and natural nutrients.
Advantages and disadvantages of POC
Illustration of application of liquid organic fertilizer on plants. (freepik.com/Freepik)
In terms of use, liquid organic fertilizer (POC) offers higher convenience than solid organic fertilizer. The application is simply sprayed or watered, without the need for complex tillage processes.
However, POC is not ideal for being the main fertilizer in the long term, due to its nutritional properties, which are more easily washed out by rainwater or soil erosion.
Referring to the Journal of scientific and technological services (Polytechnic of Industrial Chemical Technology Medan), the following advantages and disadvantages of POC:
Advantages of liquid organic fertilizers
Easy to produce: POC can be made by yourself with organic ingredients available in the environment, such as kitchen waste or animal waste.
Contains complete nutrients: in principle, POC can be used as a base fertilizer because it contains macro and micro nutrients, although in limited quantities.
Practical and economical: the simple way of use makes POC very time and cost effective, suitable for small-scale farms to households.
Quickly absorbed by plants: because it is liquid, POC is more quickly absorbed by leaves, especially to support the process of photosynthesis and shoot growth.
Supports mineral weathering: the microbial content in POC helps speed up the weathering process of mineral materials in the soil, thus enriching nutrients naturally.
Increase cation exchange capacity(CEC): POC can help improve the ability of soil to absorb and store nutrients, making it more fertile and productive.
Improves soil structure: POC plays a role in strengthening soil particle bonds and improving aeration and porosity, which are important for root growth.
Being a food source for Soil Microbes: the organic content in POC is a source of energy for beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi that play a role in the soil ecosystem.
Disadvantages of liquid organic fertilizers
Low viability of microorganisms: microorganisms contained in POC have low viability, especially if storage is not carried out correctly.
Limited microorganism population: the number of microbes in the POC is often below 10 ° cfu/ml, which is low enough to significantly improve the soil in a short time.
Relatively low nutrient content: the main nutrients in POC generally come from added ingredients such as urea or NPK, rather than purely from organic fermentation.
Non-durable: POC has a short shelf life, usually less than one year, and is not suitable for long-term storage without special treatment.
Potential for contamination and odor: if not fermented optimally, POC is at risk of producing gases and pungent odors, and is susceptible to being contaminated with pathogens.
Not yet ideal for industrial scale: POC production is often still manual and not immediately ready for mass scale use without standardization.
How to make POC
Illustration of application of liquid organic fertilizer on plants. (freepik.com/Freepik)
Liquid organic fertilizer (POC) can be made independently by utilizing organic materials that are easily found around the environment.
The manufacturing process involves fermentation using effective microorganisms such as EM4, which contains Lactobacillus bacteria, Actinomycetes, Streptomyces, yeast, and photosynthetic bacteria. These microorganisms play an important role in accelerating the decomposition of organic matter into nutrients that are ready to be absorbed by plants.
Here’s an example of a simple recipe for making POC:
Necessary ingredients
1 kg of banana tree trunk (cut into small pieces)
1 kg of animal waste (preferably from herbivorous livestock such as goats or cows)
1 kg of vegetable waste or fruit peels
200 grams of brown sugar (melted)
15-20 ml of EM4 solution
Clean enough water (until all ingredients are submerged)
Necessary tools
Machete or large knife (for chopping organic matter)
Plastic sacks or temporary fermentation containers
Large bucket or plastic barrel
Jerry cans or plastic bottles (for storage of the final result)
Manufacturing Steps
Prepare the starter solution: slice the brown sugar and put it in a container. Add 3 liters of clean water and 15-20 ml of EM4. Stir until sugar is completely dissolved. Allow to stand for ±30 minutes for microorganisms to start to activate.
Prepare solid ingredients: while waiting, chop the banana stalks and vegetable or fruit waste. Mix with animal waste on the sack until evenly distributed.
Add to jerky: transfer the solid ingredient mixture to the jerky. Add enough clean water until all ingredients are flooded. Beat gently so that the ingredients are well mixed.
Add the starter solution: once the solid ingredients are mixed, pour the brown sugar and EM4 solution into the jerry can. Close the jerry can tightly, then shake again to mix all the ingredients.
Fermentation: store jerry cans in the shade and cool, away from direct sunlight. Fermentation lasts for at least 14 days.
Care during fermentation: every day, open the lid of the jerry can for a few seconds to release the fermented gas, then close it tightly again.
Signs of ready-to-use POC: after 14 days, the POC will give off a characteristic aroma such as tape or sweet fermentation. This indicates that the fertilizer is ripe and ready for use.
Additional notes:
The process of creating a POC cannot be done instantly. It takes at least two weeks of fermentation to produce fertilizer with good quality. The results of this POC can be used directly on plants, either sprayed on the leaves or sprinkled on the ground.
Cover
Liquid organic fertilizer is an environmentally friendly and economical solution to increase agricultural productivity. Both for household scale and wider agricultural land, POC offers ease of manufacture and use.
By taking advantage of the available organic waste, anyone can make their own fertilizer at home. Now, there is no reason to let plants grow without nutrients—even if only in the yard.
Featured image: Ilustrasi pupuk organik cair (pixabay.com/PollyDot)
